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Dr. Rivlin was the founding director of the Congressional Budget Office. Prior to that, she was the chair of the District of Columbia Financial Management Assistance Authority, a vice chair of the Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System, and director of the Office of Management and Budget. Currently, she is the director of the Greater Washington Research Program and senior fellow of Economic Studies at The Brookings Institution. She is also a visiting professor at the Public Policy Institute of Georgetown University.

Tom Oliphant, moderator, is a former columnist for The Boston Globe. He is also a Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter, who has covered countless political stories and appears frequently as a television commentator.

Edward Hirsch was educated at Grinnell College and the University of Pennsylvania, where he received a PhD in folklore. He is the author of six books of poems: *Lay Back the Darkness* (Alfred A. Knopf, 2003); *On Love* (1998); *Earthly Measures* (1994); *The Night Parade* (1989); *Wild Gratitude* (1986), which received the National Book Critics Circle Award; and *For the Sleepwalkers* (1981), which received the Lavan Younger Poets Award from The Academy of American Poets and the Delmore Schwartz Memorial Award from New York University. He has received fellowships from the Guggenheim and MacArthur foundations, an Ingram Merrill Foundation Award, a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship, the Rome Prize from the American Academy in Rome, and a Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Writers' Award. He has been a professor of english at Wayne State University and the University of Houston. Hirsch is currently the president of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.

Michael J. Feuer is the executive director of the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education in the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies, where he is responsible for a broad portfolio of studies and other activities aimed at improved economic, social, and education policymaking. He was the first director of the NRC's Center for Education and the founding director of the Board on Testing and Assessment. He holds a Ph.D. in Public Policy from the University of Pennsylvania and an MA from the Wharton School, and studied public administration at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and political science at the Sorbonne. Upon earning his doctorate, Feuer remained at Penn, teaching graduate seminars in education and working at the Higher Education Finance Research Institute, where he specialized in studies of firm-sponsored training. He then joined the faculty of the business school at Drexel University, teaching courses in public policy and management and continuing his research on the economics of human capital. Feuer was the Burton and Inglis Lecturer at Harvard University in 2004.

MARY C. WATERS is the M.E. Zukerman Professor of Sociology at Harvard University. She specializes in the study of immigration, inter-group relations, the formation of racial and ethnic identity among the children of immigrants, and the challenges of measuring race and ethnicity. Waters received a B.A. in Philosophy from Johns Hopkins University in 1978, an M.A. in Demography (1981) and an M.A. (1983) and PhD in Sociology (1986) from the University of California at Berkeley. She has taught at Harvard University since 1986, and was chair of the Sociology Department from 2001-2005 and acting chair, Spring 2007. Waters has won wide recognition for her teaching and advising, including six prizes for undergraduate teaching. She was named a Harvard College Professor 1999-2004 to honor excellence in teaching. She was director of the Undergraduate Program in Sociology from 1993-2001. Her lecture for graduate students Teaching, *Research and Having a Life* is a popular video at the Derek Bok Center for Teaching at Harvard University.

Daniel Koretz focuses his research primarily on educational assessment, particularly as a tool of education policy. A primary emphasis in his work has been the effects of high-stakes testing, including effects on schooling and the validity of score gains. His research has included studies of the effects of testing programs, the assessment of students with disabilities, international differences in the variability of student achievement, the application of value-added models to educational achievement, and the development of methods for validating scores under high-stakes conditions. His current work focuses on the design and evaluation of test-focused educational accountability systems. Dr. Koretz founded and chairs the International Project for the Study of Educational Accountability, an international network of scholars investigating improved approaches to educational accountability. Dr. Koretz is a member of the National Academy of Education. His doctorate is in developmental psychology from Cornell University. Before obtaining his degree, Dr. Koretz taught emotionally disturbed students in public elementary and junior high schools.

Neuffer began her distinguished career with *The Boston Globe* in 1988. Over the years, she was a federal courts reporter, covered the Persian Gulf War in 1991, reported on the fall of the Soviet Union and the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev, worked in *the Globe*'s Washington bureau where she covered the Clinton Administration's efforts to reform health care, served in Berlin as the paper's European correspondent, and mostly recently worked as the paper's United Nations correspondent and roving foreign correspondent. Most recently, she reported extensively from Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran and Iraq. In 1997, Neuffer won the SAIS-Novartis Prize for Excellence in International Journalism for *Buried Truth*, a 10-part series of articles on war crimes in Bosnia and Rwanda. Paul Wolfowitz, then dean of the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) and now deputy defense secretary in the Bush administration, said at the time that the series demonstrated "exceptional qualities of reportorial perseverance, courage and commitment and brought important, unresolved issues to the publics attention." Neuffer was a 1998 winner of the Courage in Journalism Award granted by the International Women's Media Foundation. Elizabeth was an Edward R. Murrow Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and the author of a book about war crimes and post-war justice, *The Keys to My Neighbors House *(2001). The book follows several people from the battlefield to the courtroom as they seek justice before the newly created ad hoc war crimes tribunals in Bosnia and Rwanda. She graduated with honors from Cornell University, with a degree in history. She also earned a masters degree in political philosophy from the London School of Economics. She speaks French, German and Russian.

**Dr. Cohen** is the Robertson-Steele Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and Director of the Program for Neuropsychiatry Research at McLean Hospital. President emeritus of McLean. He leads a multidisciplinary research program on the causes of psychiatric disorders, with the goal of developing new, more effective, and better tolerated treatments. He and his colleagues employ pharmacologic, brain imaging, epidemiologic, genomic and cell model approaches to study schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, in particular. Collaborating investigators work at McLean and at the Broad Institute, Harvard University, MIT and international sites. Dr. Cohen has directed clinical and laboratory research projects at McLean for over 35 years. He is the founding director of the McLean Brain Imaging Center, and president and psychiatrist in chief emeritus at McLean Hospital, having led McLean from 1997 through 2005. Dr. Cohen was named Psychiatrist of the Year by National Alliance on Mental Illness of Massachusetts in 2005 and 2010. He has over 400 peer reviewed published manuscripts and book chapters describing the results of his work.